A gynaecologist can evaluate menstrual or reproductive symptoms that are persistent, unusually severe, recurrent or different from your normal pattern. These may include very heavy or irregular periods, severe menstrual pain, bleeding between periods or after sex, persistent pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge or difficulty becoming pregnant. Symptoms such as sudden severe pelvic pain or heavy bleeding may require urgent assessment. Early evaluation can help identify conditions such as fibroids, endometriosis, infections or hormonal disorders and guide appropriate treatment.

Recommended screening depends on age, personal and family history, symptoms and individual risk factors. Depending on these factors, preventive care may include cervical cancer screening, breast cancer screening and evaluation for sexually transmitted infections when appropriate. Blood pressure, weight and other aspects of general health may also be assessed during routine care. Screening recommendations and intervals vary by country and individual circumstances, so your gynaecologist can advise which tests are appropriate and when they should be repeated.

Pregnancy care should begin early, ideally as soon as pregnancy is confirmed or when planning a pregnancy. Antenatal care involves monitoring the health of both mother and baby throughout pregnancy. Visits may include physical examinations, blood and urine tests, ultrasound or other screening, assessment of blood pressure and fetal growth, and guidance on nutrition, supplements, exercise and warning signs. The schedule and investigations vary according to the stage of pregnancy and whether the pregnancy is considered higher risk.

Many gynaecological conditions can be managed with medicines or other non-surgical approaches, but surgery may be appropriate when symptoms are severe, complications develop or a structural problem requires correction. Conditions that may sometimes require surgery include fibroids, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, certain uterine or cervical conditions and some gynaecological cancers. Procedures may range from minimally invasive techniques to more extensive surgery. The recommended approach depends on the diagnosis, severity, reproductive plans, overall health and expected benefits of treatment.

Management depends on the underlying cause. Painful or heavy periods may be treated with medicines, hormonal therapies or other approaches depending on the diagnosis. Conditions such as PCOS may benefit from lifestyle changes, weight management when appropriate, hormonal treatment or medicines for specific symptoms. Endometriosis and fibroids may require medical or procedural treatment depending on severity. Keeping track of menstrual patterns, symptoms and possible triggers can help your doctor understand changes and determine whether further evaluation is needed.

Discuss your main symptoms, menstrual history, reproductive goals, previous pregnancies or procedures and any medicines or supplements you take. Ask what may be causing your symptoms, whether you need screening or diagnostic tests and what treatment options are available. If you are planning pregnancy, discuss preconception health, medicines, vaccinations, nutrition and any existing medical conditions. During pregnancy, ask about recommended tests, warning signs, nutrition, activity and what to expect at different stages of antenatal care.